Thing to Consider When Planting A Norway Maple

Interesting point When Planting A Norway Maple Norway maple (Acer platanoides) was presented by botanist John Bartram of Philadelphia from England to the U.S. in 1756. It has been planted on ranches and in towns for its shade, solidness, and versatility to unfavorable conditions, which has guaranteed that the maple, when planted, would fan out quickly. Along these lines, and an assortment of other negative factors, the Norway maple has earned itself the title of a Bad Tree, which means its decimation is frequently searched out by regional authorities and concerned exterior decorators expecting that the huge shade of leaves this specific maple yields will obstruct all other development underneath it. In any case, there is various saving graces to this kind of trees, for example, its resistance to different sorts of soil supplements and atmosphere conditions, its ideal fall foliage, and delightful yellow blossoms in the spring. Why Norway Maples Are Bad Trees The shallow, stringy root framework and thick shade of Norway maple cause it for all intents and purposes outlandish for grass to develop under the tree, and the forceful roots much of the time support even the parent tree, at last stifling itself to death, making it an awful tree if youre anticipating developing whatever else around it. Further, Norway maples are likewise non-local obtrusive colorful trees that have gotten away from the urban condition and is a danger to local maples in view of its sun-blocking foliage. Norway maple populaces overpower locales by dislodging local trees, bushes, and herbaceous understory plants, and once settled, making a shelter of thick shade that forestalls recovery of local seedlings; it is additionally thought to discharge root poisons that repress or forestall the development of different plants. Norway maples likewise duplicate rapidly, framing thick root frameworks in a matter of seasons that are about difficult to completely evacuate without murdering the encompassing soil. Be that as it may, this isnt to state there are no saving graces for this sort of tree. Recovering Features Norway maples are seemingly among the most delightful assortment of maple tree as of now in North America with rich yellow leaves in the fall under ideal conditions and flawless yellow blossoms on leafless branches in the spring. These trees are additionally profoundly impervious to atmosphere conditions and absence of sustenance in the dirt and can develop anyplace therefore, which makes them incredible for planting ashore that normally can't bolster a lot of greenery. Additionally, because of their inclination of spreading quickly, collecting new trees for conveyance is shockingly simple simply replant one of its numerous roots and another tree will start developing in a matter of seconds. Besides, Norway maples develop rather rapidly and give loads of shade, so they can be utilized to create a snappy, common security fence for your property.

Angels Demons Chapter 86-88 Free Essays

86 No light. No solid. The Secret Archives were dark. We will compose a custom article test on Heavenly attendants Demons Chapter 86-88 or on the other hand any comparative theme just for you Request Now Dread, Langdon now acknowledged, was an extreme spark. Shy of breath, he bumbled through the obscurity toward the spinning entryway. He found the catch on the divider and slammed his palm against it. Nothing occurred. He attempted once more. The entryway was dead. Turning blind, he got out, however his voice developed choked. The risk of his difficulty out of nowhere surrounded him. His lungs stressed for oxygen as the adrenaline multiplied his pulse. He felt like somebody had quite recently punched him in the gut. At the point when he tossed his weight into the entryway, for a moment he thought he felt the entryway begin to turn. He pushed once more, seeing stars. Presently he understood it was the whole room turning, not the entryway. Stunning endlessly, Langdon stumbled over the base of a moving stepping stool and fell hard. He tore his knee against the edge of a book stack. Swearing, he got up and grabbed for the stepping stool. He discovered it. He had trusted it would be substantial wood or iron, yet it was aluminum. He snatched the stepping stool and held it like a battering ram. At that point he went through the dim at the glass divider. It was nearer than he suspected. The stepping stool hit head-on, bobbing off. From the weak sound of the crash, Langdon realized he was going to require one serious part in excess of an aluminum stepping stool to break this glass. At the point when he flashed on the self-loader, his expectations flooded and afterward immediately fell. The weapon was no more. Olivetti had calmed him of it in the Pope’s office, saying he didn't need stacked weapons around with the camerlegno present. It appeared well and good at that point. Langdon got out once more, making less solid than the last time. Next he recollected the walkie-talkie the gatekeeper had left on the table outside the vault. Why the damnation didn’t I get it! As the purple stars moved before his eyes, Langdon constrained himself to think. You’ve been caught previously, he let himself know. You endure more regrettable. You were only a child and you made sense of it. The devastating murkiness came flooding in. Think! Langdon brought down himself onto the floor. He turned over on his back and laid his hands at his sides. The initial step was to pick up control. Unwind. Moderate. Done battling gravity to siphon blood, Langdon’s heart started to slow. It was a stunt swimmers used to re-oxygenate their blood between firmly booked races. There is a lot of air in here, he let himself know. Bounty. Presently think. He paused, half-anticipating that the lights should return on at any second. They didn't. As he lay there, ready to inhale better now, a spooky abdication ran over him. He felt serene. He battled it. You will move, damn it! However, where†¦ On Langdon’s wrist, Mickey Mouse shined joyfully as though getting a charge out of the dull: 9:33 P.M. 30 minutes until Fire. Langdon thought it felt an entire whale of significantly later. His brain, rather than thinking of an arrangement for escape, was out of nowhere requesting a clarification. Who killed the force? Was Rocher growing his hunt? Wouldn’t Olivetti have cautioned Rocher that I’m in here! Langdon knew now it had no effect. Opening his mouth wide and tipping back his head, Langdon pulled the most profound breaths he could oversee. Every breath consumed somewhat less than the last. His head cleared. He brought his contemplations in and constrained the riggings into movement. Glass dividers, he let himself know. Be that as it may, damn thick glass. He thought about whether any of the books in here were put away in substantial, steel, flame resistant file organizers. Langdon had seen them every once in a while in different chronicles however had seen none here. Plus, discovering one out of the loop could demonstrate tedious. Not that he could lift one in any case, especially in his current state. What about the assessment table? Langdon knew this vault, similar to the next, had an assessment table in the focal point of the stacks. What of it? He knew he couldn’t lift it. Also, regardless of whether he could drag it, he wouldn’t get it far. The stacks were firmly pressed, the paths between them excessively limited. The paths are too narrow†¦ Abruptly, Langdon knew. With an explosion of certainty, he hopped to his feet extremely quick. Influencing in the mist of a head surge, he connected in obscurity for help. His hand found a stack. Holding up a second, he constrained himself to moderate. He would require everything that is in him to do this. Situating himself against the book stack like a football player against a preparation sled, he planted his feet and pushed. On the off chance that I can by one way or another tip the rack. In any case, it scarcely moved. He realigned and pushed once more. His feet slipped in reverse on the floor. The stack squeaked yet didn't move. He required influence. Finding the glass divider once more, he put one hand on it to control him as he dashed in obscurity toward the most distant finish of the vault. The back divider lingered out of nowhere, and he slammed into it, pounding his shoulder. Reviling, Langdon circumnavigated the rack and snatched the stack at about eye level. At that point, propping one leg on the glass behind him and another on the lower racks, he began to climb. Books fell around him, shuddering into the murkiness. He didn’t care. Impulse for endurance had since a long time ago superseded authentic propriety. He detected his balance was hampered by the absolute haziness and shut his eyes, cajoling his cerebrum to disregard visual information. He moved quicker at this point. The air felt less fatty the higher he went. He mixed toward the upper racks, stepping on books, attempting to pick up buy, hurling himself upward. At that point, similar to a stone climber overcoming a stone face, Langdon got a handle on the best in class. Extending his legs behind him, he strolled his feet up the glass divider until he was practically level. Presently or never, Robert, a voice asked. Much the same as the leg press in the Harvard rec center. With confounding effort, he planted his feet against the divider behind him, supported his arms and chest against the stack, and pushed. Nothing occurred. Battling for air, he repositioned and attempted once more, broadening his legs. Slightly, the stack moved. He pushed once more, and the stack shook forward an inch or thereabouts and afterward back. Langdon exploited the movement, breathing in what felt like an oxygenless breath and hurling once more. The rack shook more distant. Like a swing set, he let himself know. Keep the musicality. Somewhat more. Langdon shook the rack, expanding his legs more distant with each push. His quadriceps consumed now, and he hindered the agony. The pendulum was moving. Three additional pushes, he encouraged himself. It just took two. There was a moment of weightless vulnerability. At that point, with a roaring of books sliding off the racks, Langdon and the rack were falling forward. Most of the way to the ground, the rack hit the stack close to it. Langdon held tight, tossing his weight forward, asking the subsequent rack to topple. There was a snapshot of still frenzy, and afterward, squeaking under the weight, the subsequent stack started to tip. Langdon was falling once more. Like tremendous dominoes, the stacks started to topple, in a steady progression. Metal on metal, books tumbling all over the place. Langdon hung on as his slanted stack ricocheted descending like a fastener on a jack. He thought about what number of stacks there were altogether. What amount would they gauge? The glass at the far end was thick†¦ Langdon’s stack had fallen nearly to the even when he heard what he was sitting tight for †an alternate sort of impact. Distant. Toward the finish of the vault. The sharp smack of metal on glass. The vault around him shook, and Langdon knew the last stack, weighted somewhere near the others, had hit the glass hard. The sound that followed was the most unwanted sound Langdon had ever heard. Quietness. There was no slamming of glass, just the resonating crash as the divider acknowledged the heaviness of the stacks currently propped against it. He lay wide-looked at on the heap of books. Some place out yonder there was a squeaking. Langdon would have held his breath to tune in, however he had none left to hold. One second. Two†¦ At that point, as he wavered near the precarious edge of obviousness, Langdon heard a far off yielding†¦ a wave spidering outward through the glass. Out of nowhere, similar to a gun, the glass detonated. The stack underneath Langdon crumbled to the floor. Like invite downpour on a desert, shards of glass tinkled descending in obscurity. With an incredible sucking murmur, the air spouted in. After thirty seconds, in the Vatican Grottoes, Vittoria was remaining before a body when the electronic cackle of a walkie-talkie ended the quiet. The voice blasting out sounded shy of breath. â€Å"This is Robert Langdon! Would anyone be able to hear me?† Vittoria gazed upward. Robert! She was unable to accept the amount she unexpectedly wished he were there. The watchmen traded astounded looks. One took a radio off his belt. â€Å"Mr. Langdon? You are on channel three. The authority is holding back to get notification from you on channel one.† â€Å"I know he’s on channel one, damn it! I don’t need to address him. I need the camerlegno. Presently! Someone discover him for me.† In the indefinite quality of the Secret Archives, Langdon remained in the midst of broke glass and attempted to recover. He felt a warm fluid on his left hand and realized he was dying. The camerlegno’s voice talked without a moment's delay, surprising Langdon. â€Å"This is Camerlegno Ventresca. What’s going on?† Langdon squeezed the catch, his heart despite everything beating. â€Å"I think someone simply attempted to murder me!† There was a quiet on the line. Langdon attempted to quiet himself. â€Å"I additionally know where the following executing is going to be.† The voice that returned was not the camerlegno’s. It was Commander Olivetti’s: â€Å"Mr. Langdon. Try not to talk another word.† 87 Langdon’s watch, presently spread with blood, read 9:41 P.M. as he stumbled into the Courtyard of the Belvedere and moved toward the wellspring outside the Swiss Guard security focus. His hand had quit draining and

Why You Should Choose a Professional Online Research Paper Writing Service

Why You Should Choose a Professional Online Research Paper Writing ServiceIf you want to perform some research on any particular topic for your writing paper, you can simply hire a professional online research paper writing service. This is the best way to complete your research and paper easily and within a short time period. You can also find a reliable research writer that can create your research papers with accuracy and credibility.People can find many ways to research papers. Most of them use the internet, which is the best way to find related topics. The internet also offers a wide variety of information that people can search and get information from. With this, you can start your research from a very narrow aspect of your research on a certain topic and work your way to a bigger scope that you can cover in the maximum amount of time.However, the most recommended method to conduct research papers is to contact a trusted and professional online research paper writing service. This is because such service is able to get you a good starting point for your research paper. Moreover, the person who will be doing the writing work can also make sure that your research is carried out effectively.When you are choosing to get research papers written by a professional, you need to know what you want. In order to achieve this, you have to provide your writer with a brief outline on the topic of your research paper. The brief outline should contain the main thesis of your paper along with a summary and timeline. This will help the research writer create a more comprehensive research paper that will show you the different sides of your topic.There are a number of different kinds of research papers that can be written. They include text, research documents, argumentative, and persuasive papers. If you are interested in pursuing the latter kind of research paper, then it is better to contact a professional research writing service because they are able to write it profe ssionally and proficiently.Additionally, when you choose to get research papers written by a professional, you need to ensure that the writers have an extensive background on the topic you are writing about. You can only get hold of a good writer if he or she has the knowledge and experience to write relevant research papers. In addition, if the research writer can be contacted, then you can send samples of your research paper. Such a written sample will help the writer see whether he or she can write the research paper based on your topic.Research papers should also be free from any grammatical and typographical errors. The writers should also be good at conveying the message that you want to express. If the writer is not experienced in writing, it would be better if you can provide the sample of the research paper that you have done so that the writer can edit the research paper according to your specifications.Moreover, when you choose to get research papers written by a professi onal, you must make sure that the writers can give you a more comprehensive research paper. Otherwise, you will just be wasting your time and money.

Whats the Difference Between Probation and Parole

Probation and parole are privileges—rather than rights—that allow convicted criminals to avoid going to prison or serve only a portion of their sentences. Both are conditional on good behavior, and both have the goal of  rehabilitating offenders in a way that prepares them for life in society, thus reducing the likelihood that they will recommit or commit new crimes.   Key Takeaways: Probation and Parole Probation and parole allow Americans convicted of crimes to avoid serving time in prison.The goal of probation and parole is the rehabilitation of offenders in a way that will reduce the likelihood that they will recommit or commit new crimes.Probation is granted as part of the court’s sentencing process. It affords convicted offenders the opportunity to avoid serving all or part of their sentences in jail.Parole is granted after offenders have been incarcerated for some time, amounting to early release from prison. It is granted or denied by a prison parole board.Both probation and parole are granted conditionally and may be revoked for failure to comply with those conditions.The Fourth Amendment protection from unlawful searches and seizures by law enforcement officers does not extend to persons on probation or parole. However, there are important similarities and differences between these two often-confused features of the United States correctional system. Since the concept of convicted criminal offenders living in the community can be controversial, it is important to understand the functional differences between probation and parole. How Probation Works Probation is granted by the court as part of the convicted offender’s initial sentence. Probation may be granted in lieu of any jail time or after a short period of time in jail. Restrictions on the offender’s activities during his or her period of probation are specified by the judge as part of the  sentencing stage  of the trial. During the probationary period, offenders remain under the supervision of a state-administered probation agency.   Conditions of Probation Depending on the severity and circumstances of their crimes, offenders may be placed under active or inactive supervision during their probationary period. Offenders under active supervision are required to regularly report to their assigned probation agencies in person, by mail, or by telephone. Probationers on inactive status are excluded from regular reporting requirements. While free on probation, offenders—known as â€Å"probationers†Ã¢â‚¬â€ may be required fulfill certain conditions of their supervision, such as payments of fines, fees, or court costs, and participation in rehabilitation programs. Regardless of their supervisor status, all probationers are required to adhere to specific rules of conduct and behavior while in the community. Courts have great latitude in imposing condition of probation, which can vary from person to person and case to case. Typical conditions of probation include: Place of residence (for example, not near schools)Reporting to probation officersSatisfactory performance of court-approved community servicePsychological or substance abuse counselingPayment of finesPayment of restitution to crime victimsRestrictions on the use of drugs and alcoholProhibition of possession of firearms and other weaponsRestrictions on personal acquaintances and relationships In addition, probationers may be required to make periodic reports to the court showing that they had complied with all conditions of their probation during the reporting period. How Parole Works Parole allows convicted offenders to be conditionally released from prison to serve the remaining time of their sentence in the community. The granting of parole may be either discretionary—by the vote of a state-appointed prison parole board, or mandatory—according to provisions established by  federal sentencing guidelines. Unlike probation, parole is not an alternative sentence. Instead, parole is a privilege granted to some prisoners after they have served a percentage of their sentences. Like probationers, parolees are required to comply with terms and conditions while living in the community or face being returned to prison. Conditions of Parole Like probationers, offenders released on parole—called â€Å"parolees†Ã¢â‚¬â€are supervised by state-appointed parole officers and may be placed under either active or inactive supervision. As determined by the parole board, some common conditions of parole include: Reporting to a state-appointed supervisory parole officerMaintaining a job and a place of residenceNot leaving a specified geographic area without permissionAvoiding criminal activity and contact with victimsPassing random drug and alcohol testsAttending drug and alcohol counseling classesAvoiding contact with known criminals Parolees are typically required to meet periodically with an assigned parole officer. In addition, parole officers often make unannounced visits to parolees’ homes in order to determine whether or not they are complying with their conditions of parole. Eligibility for Parole Not all prison inmates are likely to be granted parole. For example, offenders who have been convicted of  violent crimes  like murder, kidnapping, rape, arson, or aggravated drug trafficking are far more rarely granted parole. A common misconception about parole is that it can be granted solely as a result of an inmate’s â€Å"good behavior† while incarcerated. While behavior is certainly a factor, parole boards consider many other factors, such as the inmate’s age, marital and parental status, mental condition, and criminal history. In addition, the parole board will factor in the severity and circumstances of the crime, the length of time served, and the inmate’s willingness to express remorse for committing the crime. Inmates who are unable to show the ability or willingness to establish a permanent residence and get a job after release are seldom granted parole, regardless of other factors.   During the parole hearing, the inmate will be questioned by the board members. In addition, members of the public are typically allowed to speak for or against the granting of parole. Relatives of crime victims, for example, often speak at parole hearings. Most importantly, parole will be granted only if the board is satisfied that the inmate’s release will pose no threat to public safety and that the inmate is willing to comply with his or her conditions of parole and is able to reenter the community. Probation, Parole, and the Fourth  Amendment The  Fourth Amendment  to the United States Constitution protects the people from unlawful searches and seizures by law enforcement officers does not extend to persons on probation or parole. Police can search the residences, vehicles, and property of probationers and parolees at any time without a search warrant. Any weapons, drugs, or other items found that violate the conditions of probation or parole may be seized and used as evidence against the probationer or parolee. Along with having their probation or parole revoked, offenders may face additional criminal charges for possessing illegal drugs, guns, or stolen merchandise. Probation and Parole Statistics Overview At the end of 2016, some 4.5 million people were on probation or parole—twice the number of people incarcerated in federal prisons and local jails, according to the U.S. Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). This means that 1 in 55 U.S. adults (nearly 2% of all adults) were on probation or parole in 2016, a population increase of 239% since 1980. While the purpose of probation and parole is to prevent offenders from returning to jail, BJS has reported that roughly 2.3 million people on probation or parole annually fail to successfully complete their supervision. Failure to complete supervision typically results from the commission of new crimes, rules violations, and â€Å"absconding,† leaving hurriedly and secretly, typically to avoid detection of or arrest for a crime. Each year almost 350,000 of those individuals return to jail or prison, often because of rule violations rather than new crimes. Sources Kaeble, Danielle Bonczar, Thomas P.,  Ã¢â‚¬Å",†Probation And Parole In The United States, 2015  Bureau of Justice Statistics, December 21, 2016Abidinsky, Howard.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Probation and Parole: Theory and Practice.†Ã‚  Englewood Cliffs, N.J.  Prentice Hall, 1991.Boland, Barbara; Mahanna, Paul; and Stones, Ronald.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Prosecution of Felony Arrests,†Ã‚  1988. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics, 1992.Bureau of Justice Statistics.  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Probation and Parole Population Reaches Almost 3.8 Million.†Ã‚  Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 1996.

The Patriot Act Through Congress Essay - 1601 Words

There is no denying the events occurring on September 11, 2001 changed the world as we knew it. Over 3,000 people lost their lives because of them, and countless others were severely impacted as well. These attacks saw immediate changes to the way people traveled to, from and in America. Most importantly, these attacks were deliberate, precisely planned and executed. But by who? Now, before jumping to the automatic assumption that the 9/11 commision report is completely honest and accurate, please continue reading this essay with an open mind as I shed light on the fact that United States government was actually behind the whole thing. Thinking about the government knowing about these attacks and doing nothing about it is sickening. Nobody wants to believe it, and that makes it all the ever more important. The first thing that may come to mind when trying to comprehend this idea is, why would the government want to do something like this anyway? One theory suggests that they needed to push the Patriot Act through congress. The Patriot Act’s title is a ten-letter backronym (USA PATRIOT) which stands for Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001. It was signed by former President George W. Bush in October of 2001. Another theory suggests that the United States government needed to justify the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. Nothing fires up patriotism like an attack on our ownShow MoreRelatedThe Patriot Act : a Summary Essay1276 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: The USA PATRIOT Act One of the most controversial policies to pass legislation within the United States congress with the approval of our president at the time, George W. Bush, was the USA PATRIOT Act. The USA PATRIOT Act is actually a acronym for the Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act. This Act reduced the restrictions, which now allowed the law the power to search various electronic communications recordsRead MoreIntroduction of the USA Patriot Act1278 Words   |  5 Pages1. Introduction The USA Patriot Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) of 2001 was issued on October 26, 2001, by President George W. Bush, with the purpose of providing a response to the 9/11 terrorist attacks. The act was intended to reform the agenda regarding law enforcement agencies and their limitations. The authorities acknowledged that it was essential for law enforceme nt investigatory tools needed significant improvementRead MoreAfter the September 11th terrorist attack on the World Trade Centre by the Islamic radical group1300 Words   |  6 Pagestwo senators and several news media offices, congress rushed to pass the USA Patriot Act, which roughly is an Act to deter and punish acts of terrorism in the United States and around the world, to enhance law enforcement investigatory tools, and for other purposes. After these unrelated terrorist attacks happened within weeks of each other congress knew reform legislature was needed. Many Historians such as Brett Rubio believe that the USA Patriot Act infringed upon American’s civil liberties whileRead MoreSecurity vs. Liberty1116 Words   |  5 Pagesterrorist seeking bill. The Patriot Act was indeed effective in increasing the power allotted to surveillance agencies, but many feel at too high of a cost. Many have asked the questionÂ… is the cure worse than the disease? In order to appr opriately analyze the Patriot Act, it is important to look at its exact stipulations, and how it has been used (misused) at the time of its passage and now. On Oct 24th 2001, the Patriot Act made its first appearance in front of the 107th Congress. In a move towardsRead More Patriot Act Essays1231 Words   |  5 PagesPatriot Act Were dealing with terrorists who operate by highly sophisticated methods and technologies, some of which were not even available when our existing laws were written. The bill before me accounts for the new realities and dangers posed by modern terrorists. It will help law enforcement to identify, dismantle, disrupt, and punish terrorists before they strike, (President George W. Bush at signing of Patriot Act, 2001). The terrorists of today cannot be reasoned with. We must doRead MoreThe Patriot Act, By George W. Bush Signed The Uniting And Strengthening America Act954 Words   |  4 PagesTHE PATRIOT ACT On October 26, 2001, George W. Bush signed the Uniting and Strengthening America Act by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, better known as the Patriot Act, into law (â€Å"USA Patriot Act†). This act gave the National Security Agency and the US Department of justice the power to monitor domestic and international electronic communications. The goal of the act was to give federal and local agencies the power to monitor communications inRead MoreThe Patriot Act And The United States1376 Words   |  6 Pagesanything like this from happening again. Consequently, an act known as the USA PATRIOT act was passed by Congress. This act opened up many doors previously closed to law enforcement and intelligence agencies. With these new opportunities available to them, they have the capability to obtain information about specific individuals believed to be involved in terrorist activities and organizations. Very beneficial to the Un ited States, the Patriot Act provides easier access for different government lawRead MoreThe Freedom Of Privacy Act1078 Words   |  5 PagesThesis Statement: The Freedom of Privacy Act is design to counter and replace the unconstitutional Patriot Act, and return privacy back to our nation. V. Preview briefing: The increase of government intrusion has been on the rise since the Patriot Act was turned into law which have infringed on our constitutional rights, and that the Freedom of Privacy Act if on voted by congress will give us back those rights. We will also be taking any question about the act if there are any. Transition: In orderRead MoreGeorge Bush: Congress and 9/111290 Words   |  6 Pageswield power in times of peril. In this time, saw the role of congress diminish, while on contrary expanding the power of the executive. Following the events of September 11th, 2001, which change the setting of the presidency and congressional relationship.By means of manipulation, deceiving, bypassing congress, and using the crisis of September 11th to greatly expand the power of the executive branch, while diminishing the role of congress. Although the threat of Al-Qaeda is prevalentRead MoreWhere Do You Stand on the Usa Patriot Act?1068 Words   |  5 Pagesthe limits of America s core freedoms. Congress passed the USA Patriot Act (Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism) in 2001 just weeks after the attacks, with the intention of helping law enforcement act more effectively in investigating potential terrorists. However, this act may do more harm than good. Some groups, such as the American Library Association, state that the act infringes on Fourth Amendment rights guaranteed

Ken Keseys One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest and Anthony...

When African slaves were sold to Americans, they lost their fundamental rights as human beings. However, their inferiority was further cemented when slaves eventually conformed to their white owners. In slavery’s infancy, almost all slaves resisted against their oppressors in one form or another but had limited to no success. These failed resistances eventually led to hopelessness for the slaves as they even began to consider slavery as an accepted practice. Many slaves developed a notion of performing their forced labour more willingly and in turn their owners decreased the beatings and cruelty towards them (â€Å"Slavery in the United States.†) For instance, slaves who displayed respect towards their owners were assigned to perform less†¦show more content†¦An important difference between the books, however, lies in the regimes’ method of oppression. Ms.Ratched’s reign is rooted in stability because she commands her ward with an iron fist and do es not allow any opportunity for an uprising. To compare, in Alex’s society, there is a lack of regulations enforced by the corrupt government’s hired police, which cause the citizens to question the validity of their administration. Both Nurse Ratched and the totalitarian government in A Clockwork Orange utilize technology, in the form inhibiting the brain from functioning on free will, to preserve their own power. To begin, Nurse Ratched, in One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, employs electroshock therapy on those who challenge her authority over the hospital. When Randle McMurphy confesses his weakness towards the nurse’s electroshock therapy, Chief relates this struggle to his father’s battle with alcohol: â€Å"‘My father was real big. Every time he put the bottle to his mouth, he don’t suck out of it, it sucks out of him †¦ I’m not saying they killed him. They just worked on him, the way they’re working on you.’† (Kesey 189) In other words, Chief uses the symbol of alcohol to warn McMurphy that, similar to alcoholics after drinking, patients of shock therapy only appear jolly

Viral Hepatitis Essay Sample free essay sample

Viral hepatitis are distinguishable diseases that affects and injures the liver due to the inflammatory cells in the tissue of the organ. They are caused by the taint of nutrient or H2O. the pattern of insecure sex. and by the use of soiled panpipes or acerate leafs. There are six known types of hepatitis. but the three which are most common include A-B-and C. as they cause about 90 per centum of ague ( lasts less than six months ) hepatitis instances in Canada. Many people infected by this disease misidentify it for the grippe for its flu-like symptoms. or don’t notice it at all because it’s besides possible to see hepatitis with no symptoms at all. It is a deadly disease. as hepatitis B kills 500. 000 people entirely each twelvemonth. Many people have a complete recovery from this infection. while others unwittingly carry and spread it to other people ( hc-sc. gv. ca ) . The hepatitis A virus ( HAV ) was identified in 1973 and is an acute infective disease of the liver and is most normally passed on by the fecal-oral path by eating or imbibing something that is contaminated. The virus is frequently caused by eating natural or undercooked nutrient. nutrient being handled by people who haven’t washed their custodies. contaminated H2O by animate beings or human waste. or by sexual interaction with person who’s already been infected. There are around 1. 5 million diagnosed instances each twelvemonth. with the incubation period runing from 15-50 yearss. the mean being around 28-30 yearss ( hc-sc. gv. ca ) . Hepatitis A does non hold a chronic phase and does non do liver harm. Prevention from this virus can be by the Hepatitis A inoculation. and holding a good hygiene. The vaccinum has over a 95 % rate against infection. and is given in two doses in the musculus of the upper arm. When the infection has occurred. the immune system generates antibodies against the HAV that protects the hazard of extra infection. Therefore. people who have already recovered from Hepatitis A would non necessitate a vaccinum. as they are now immune to the disease ( wikipedia. com ) . There is no specific intervention for HAV to day of the month. But when infected. the best manner to retrieve is by remainder. a healthy diet. and remaining hydrated. Generally. people infected by this disease make non keep it for life. as the organic structure will seek to contend off the virus of course. Recovery clip from symptoms normally takes topographic point within four to six hebdomads ( webmd. com ) . Hepatitis B ( HBV ) is the most common type of hepatitis in the universe. It is caused by HBV. which taints the liver and causes redness labelled as hepatitis. More than two billion people world-wide have been affected by this virus. which includes three 100 and 50 million chronic instances. A astonishing 1. 5 million people die from hepatitis B each twelvemonth. ( beyonddiscovery. org ) . While hepatitis has been known about for centuries. physicians had merely discovered the cause of the virus in 1963. where they believed it was spread through contact with septic bodily fluids ( silent persons. com ) . HBV is a hepadnavirus. and contains a round genome made up by reasonably double-stranded DNA. The virus would retroflex through RNA by rearward written text. Not merely does the virus occur in the liver. but the disease besides spreads to the blood where the anti-bodies of virus specific proteins are found in septic people ( wikipedia. com ) . Hepatitis is obtained by prosecuting in unprotected sex. injection drug usage. tattoos or piercings with un-sterilized equipment. use of a toothbrush or razor of an affected individual. exposure to blood or bodily fluids of septic people. If a adult female happens to hold hepatitis B. and becomes pregnant. the kid will inherit this disease during birth. although a inoculation for the babe may assist the infection ( webmd. com ) . Merely as hepatitis A. many people do non cognize they have obtained the virus because they have non felt any symptoms. If they happen to hold symptoms. they most probably will misidentify it for the grippe since the indexs are about the same. A blood trial is given to see if the patient has hepatitis B now. or has had it in the base on balls. If liver harm has already occurred from HBV. a biopsy will be needed. Most likely. the hepatitis B will travel off on its ain. If person has chronic hepatitis B. intervention will depend whether the infection is declining and damaging your liver. There are medical specialties for chronic hepatitis B. although most people who have the infection will digest full and normal lives by eating and exerting right. Geting regular medical examinations by the phys ician is besides a must. as the hepatitis might all of a sudden get down assailing at any minute. any clip. Every homo is susceptible to hepatitis B. and it is advised to take a inoculation of three shootings ( such as twinrix ) to forestall the virus. Hepatitis C is a disease infecting the liver. based on the Hepatitis C Virus ( HCV ) . The infection is normally symptomless. but can take to cirrhosis as advanced scarring. which may so turn into liver malignant neoplastic disease. and liver failure ( wikipedia. com ) . The virus was originally called â€Å"non-A non-B hepatitis† because it was known that hepatitis A and B were non the cause of the non-A non B hepatitis. but was so officially changed go hepatitis C in 1989 ( silent persons. com ) . It is spread by the blood of an affected individual. The transportation of blood may be because of shared acerate leafs to shoot illegal drugs. organ graft or blood transfusion before 1992 ( before that twelvemonth hepatitis C was non checked for ) . a shooting. tattoo or piercing by a needle with septic blood still on it. and by a kid that birth was given to by an septic female parent. It is still diffident whether hepatitis C can be inherited through sexual contact. although if p ossible. the opportunities are slender. Symptoms for the hepatitis C virus can travel from nil to the feeling of being really tired. tummy hurting. joint hurting. antsy tegument. sore musculuss. and dark piss. Although there is no vaccinum for hepatitis C. the best manner to protect yourself would be by non sharing acerate leafs. have oning protective baseball mitts and vesture when managing contaminated objects. and doing certain instruments are sterilized before acquiring a tattoo. a piercing. or stylostixis. The bulk of people will detect that they have hepatitis C by accident. normally during a everyday wellness check-up. as physicians will recognize the high degrees on enzymes in their blood. If the physician has a intuition that the patient may hold or hold occurred hepatitis C. a blood trial will be administered. Antibodies will demo up if hep. C has been present earlier. and a 2nd trial will inform the patient that they presently have the virus. If found. a liver biopsy will be administered to observe if any scarring has occurred from the hepatitis. It is besides possible to observe if you have hepatitis C by yourself. where you may travel to a drug shop and purchase a â€Å"Home Access Hepatitis C Check Kit† which will measure if you have the virus or non. Treatment depends on how terrible the hepatitis C is ( webmd. com ) . Generally. unlike hepatitis A and B. moralss has come into inquiry hep. C. With anti-viral interventions now available. members from disadvantaged group s ( chiefly people with psychiatric upsets and captives ) prevent these patients from having intervention. This is chiefly because of clinical. economic. and societal barriers. The research workers Geppert and Arora ( 2005 ) analyzed 5 clinical-ethical statements often presented for restricting patient entree to HCV intervention. which were risk/benefit balance. justness. conformity. cost-effectiveness. and favoritism. When all the research was completed and analyzed. the findings were that if mental wellness substance maltreatment professionals and gastroenterologists appropriately work together. the use of antiviral therapy for HCV can be efficaciously and safely expanded to disfavor populations. Doctors may urge antiviral medical specialty if the disease is serious plenty. Soon. there is besides on-going research taking topographic point to develop better drugs. without the side-effects. Hepatitis C may last a life-time. hence populating a healthy life style is an of import portion of intervention ( silent persons. com ) . Eating and exerting right is important for experiencing your be st. Avoiding intoxicant. illegal drugs and other medical specialties that will impact your liver in a negative manner is besides critical to forestall farther injury to the liver. Hepatitis is an ongoing disease that affects and kills 1000000s of people every twelvemonth. It is imperative that we. as a society halt this killing virus. Being informed is the best manner to halt this virus from turning. If everyone is cognizant and informed about the subject. the dream may come true. the dream where we live in a hepatitis-free universe. Mentions: Geppert. C. . Arora. S. 2005. Ethical issues in the intervention of hepatitis C. Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology: the official clinical pattern diary of the American Gastroenterological Association: 3. 937-44. Hepatitis B narrative. ( 2003 ) . Retrieved May 8. 2009 from Beyond Discovery. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. beyonddiscovery. org/content/view. article. asp? a=265 Hepatitis. diseases and conditions. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved May 8. 2009 from Health Canada. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. hc-sc. gigahertz. ca/dc-ma/hep/index-eng. php # hep_a Hepatitis wellness centre. ( 2008 ) . Retrieved May 8. 2009 from WebMD. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. webmd. com/hepatitis/default. htm Hepatitis. ( n. d. ) . Retrieved May 8. 2009 from Wikipedia: hypertext transfer protocol: //en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hepatitis Declaiming the Hepatitis ABCs. ( 2007 ) . Retrieved May 8. 2009 from Dummies. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. silent persons. com/how-to/content/reciting-the-hepatitis-abcs. hypertext markup language

Company Analysis HSBC

Executive Summary HSBC Bank is one of the largest banks in the world, and the largest foreign bank operating in Canada. The bank has been pursuing entry into the Kenyan economy, an economy which is characteristic with unskilled and semi-skilled labor, like all other developing economies. The Kenyan authorities have been exercising caution, avoiding harm on the people, the economy and the available resources.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Company Analysis HSBC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The company’s characteristics, which will favor its entry into the Kenyan banking industry, include its promotion of trade links between different economies, its identification with host economies, and its efforts to foster the development of modern banking and finance services. The bank will also be favored by its reconstructive strategies, its favorable entry strategies, and the strategies of identifying and addre ssing the financial needs of marginalized groups. These characteristics will favor the minister’s verdict, regarding allowing the company to enter the Kenyan economy. Introduction The HSBC Bank of Canada is a bank operating in Canada, as a part of the expansive British banking company, HSBC, which is among the world’s largest banking groups. HSBC is the seventh principal banking company in Canada, running outlets in all Canadian provinces, except Prince Edward. The bank is the largest foreign owned banking company within the country, with its corporate headquarters at the financial hub of Vancouver, British Columbia. The company has been pursuing entry into the Kenyan market, an economy which is characteristic with unskilled and semi-skilled labor force. The Kenyan government has also been pushing to nurture an industrial base, which will help offer employment opportunities and aid in raising the living standards of the Kenyan people. The Kenyan government has also bee n practicing caution, by not allowing foreign and local companies to set up economic ventures, which are likely to harm the country’s economic base, the country’s people or the available resources. This paper is an explicative report written to the Minister, explaining the company, and discussing how its entry strategy and venture approaches will be favorable to the Kenyan economy. The report will show how the company is a favorable candidate to venture into the Kenyan economy, as it is a candidate not likely to affect the economy negatively.1Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discussion Since its 1865 inception, the company has been financing trade between China and Europe. The bank’s inception was also based on the substantial demand for local banking services, both at Hong Kong and the China coastal trade lines. Throughout the 19th century, the bank ex panded its operations into China, the Indian subcontinent, South East Asia, North America, Japan and Europe, pioneering modern banking services and trade finance. As a result of the diversity of the economy, the bank started diversifying its business through mergers, amalgamations and alliances. The strategic approaches of the bank, also include banking on marginalized groups, which are often not addressed by mainstream banking, including women and the youth, who may not own assets to present as security for credit. The bank further identifies with the areas and the markets it is operating at. T he 1990s saw the consolidation of different businesses into the company, including the joint venture, for example, the formation of the Wells Fargo HSBC trade bank in 1995. In 1997, a new auxiliary Banco HSBC Bamerindus was created in Brazil. In 1999, the bank signed an M.O.U with the Korean government, towards the acquisition of a controlling stake in Seoul Bank, a major commercial bank in Korea.2 From a detailed analysis of the Kenyan economy, it was clear that the economy identified with a number of characteristics, all associated to developing economies. These include low standards of education, poor health care, unemployment, poverty and limited access to resources and infrastructure, like safe water. From evaluating the entry strategies of HSBC, the bank will help eliminate these weaknesses of the economy in a number of ways. The company’s strategies, since its inception, were based on fostering international trade, which helps eliminate the economic imbalances within the Kenyan economy. This is the case, as by promoting the development of international trade through financing export and import trade, the company will aid in the creation of employment as well as reduce the poverty levels registered among the country’s citizens. From the historical track record of the company, it has focused its operations around the major areas of demand, in offerin g banking services.3Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Company Analysis HSBC specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Throughout the 19th century, the company registered a track record of fostering the up-take of modern banking and trade finance services, which can be very helpful to any economy, based on the benefits drawn from adopting modern banking models and trade financing. For example, the bank has been fostering the uptake of more flexible, convenient and effective banking models, which can be accessed at any time, when banking customers need such services. From entry into the Kenyan economy, the bank will offer models that are likely to foster the flexibility of access to banking services and banked finances, these including the creation of 24/7 banking models.4 From the track record of the bank, it has engaged in the reconstruction of economies like that of the Hong Kong economy, which it rebuilt after the Seco nd World War. The bank did that by identifying areas of financial need and development insufficiencies. From venturing in the developing economy, the bank will aid in development, through identifying areas of financial need and development, including unemployment and poverty, which can be addressed through the creation of finance access platforms and capacity building. From this company’s strategy and economy entry model, the company will be able to identify areas of financial need and development insufficiencies.5 The company’s reputation can also be identified in its ability to revise strategy and strategic diversity, for example, its shift to expanding its operations in other countries through alliances, mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions. From the usage of such strategies, the company stands the chance of not threatening the banks, already operational within the developing economy. As a result, it will not harm or threaten local companies, and the peopleâ€⠄¢s welfare, which relies on the employment from such companies.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company will also not affect the resources of the nation, through capitalizing on established and accepted means of resource exhaustion.6 From the historical record of the bank, it also banks on marginalized groups, these including women and youths, who are more vulnerable to economic constraints and the lack of access to credit facilities. The bank achieves this through employing its wide range of personal finance packages, which will offer employment and income creation opportunities for these groups. As a result, it fosters economic development from their contribution, thus the realization of a faster economic development. As a result, this will be advantageous to the development of the entire economy, that of the people as well as the Kenyan resource base, which will be very advantageous to the entire economy. From this strategy, the company will help in building trade capacity, which will help the workers as well as the companies operating within the Kenyan economy, realize the full advantages of local and international trade opportunities. From such a model, there will be the establishment of reciprocal trade agreements between the different areas where the company is operating in, which will help the Kenyan economy as well as the workers, draw from the system. Based on the company’s recognition of un-identified groups, the elimination of poverty and unemployment will be fostered, thus should be allowed entry into the Kenyan economy.7 Bibliography Berger, Allen, and Robert DeYoung. â€Å"The effects of geographic expansion on bank efficiency.† Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics 2 (2001): 3-5. Berger, Allen et al. â€Å"The consolidation of the financial services industry: causes, consequences and implications for the future.† Journal of Banking and Finance 23. 2 (1999): 135-94. Berger, Allen et al. â€Å"The efficiency of financial institutions: a review and preview of research past, present and future.† Journal o f Banking and Finance 17. 2 (1993): 221-249. King, Frank. The History of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987. Mauro, Guillà ©n. Multinationals, Ideology, and Organized Labor. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003. Muirhead, Stuart. Crisis Banking in the East: The History of the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China, 1853-93. New York: Scolar Press, 1996. Sullivan, Arthur, and Steven Sheffrin. Economics: Principles in Action. New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 2003. Footnotes 1 Frank King, The History of the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 25. 2 Stuart Muirhead, Crisis Banking in the East: The History of the Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China, 1853-93 (London: Scolar Press, 1996), 34. 3 Arthur Sullivan and Steven Sheffrin, Economics: Principles in Action (New Jersey: Upper Saddle River, 2003), 471. 4 Guillà ©n Mauro, Multinationals, Id eology, and Organized Labor (New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2003), 123. 5 Allen Berger et al., â€Å"The consolidation of the financial services industry: causes, consequences and implications for the future,† Journal of Banking and Finance 23. 2 (1999): 135-94. 6 Allen Berger et al., â€Å"The efficiency of financial institutions: a review and preview of research past, present and future,† Journal of Banking and Finance 17. 2 (1993): 221-249. 7 Allen Berger and Robert DeYoung, â€Å"The effects of geographic expansion on bank efficiency,† Federal Reserve Board Finance and Economics 2 (2001): 3-5. This report on Company Analysis HSBC was written and submitted by user Brandon Goff to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Albert Bandura Essays

Albert Bandura Essays Albert Bandura Paper Albert Bandura Paper Writing Assignment #1 Bandura, Ross, Ross (1961). Transmission of aggression through imitation of aggressive models In 1961, Bandura, D. Ross, and S. Ross conducted an experiment on 72 pre-school children to examine and explore the â€Å"Social Learning† theory. The Social Learning theory suggests that human behavior is observationally learned through modeling: from observing others, one forms an idea of how new behaviors are performed. They predicted that subjects Method: Design: The participants were chosen by opportunity sampling from Stanford University Nursery School. Participants consisted of 36 boys and 36 girls, and two adults, a male and a female, both being a role model. The participants were divided into eight experimental groups of six subjects each and a control group consisting of 24 children. Half of the experimental participants viewed aggressive models, while the other half were shown nonaggressive models. These groups were then further divided into male and female subjects, and half of the children in the aggressive and non-aggressive groups observed same-sexed models, while the other half observed opposite sex models. The control group was not exposed to any adult models The subjects were assessed on four five-point rating scales by the experimenter and a school teacher. These assessments measured the extent to which the children demonstrated verbal aggression, physical aggression, aggression toward intimate objects, and aggressive inhibition. Procedure: Subjects were individually brought to the experimental room and were escorted to one corner of the room, which was their play area. After seating the child at a small table, the experimenter explained how subjects could construct and design pictures with potato prints and picture stickers. The model on the other hand was brought to the opposite corner of the room which consisted of a small chair, table, mallet, tinker toy set, and a 5-foot inflated Bobo doll. The experimenter explained to the model that the materials provided was for him/her to play with. With participants in the aggressive condition, the model assembled the tinker toys and portrayed acts of aggression towards the Bobo doll; the model continuously punched the Bobo doll, used a mallet to hit the Bobo doll’s head, and tossed it up the air and kicked it. Furthermore, the model interspersed with verbally aggressive comments such as, â€Å"Kick him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"Throw him in the air. † Conversely, with subjects in the non-aggressive condition, the model assembled the tinker toys in a silent passive manner, and completely disregarding the Bobo doll. Moreover, the model made non-aggressive comments such as, â€Å"He sure is a tough fella,† and â€Å"He keeps coming back for more. † After 10 minutes, the experimenter informed the subject that he would now be brought to another game room. The subjects were then taken into another room filled with interesting toys, some of an aggressive type such as, a 3-foot Bobo doll, a mallet and a peg board, and some nonaggressive such as, a tea set, crayons, and coloring paper, a ball, and plastic farm animals. The subjects were observed through a one-way mirror, and behaviors such as, physical aggression, verbal aggression, and the number of times the mallet was used to strike the Bobo doll was assessed. Results: Confounds within study: There are minimal confounding variables within the experiment as Bandura, Ross, and Ross used a laboratory experiment method to conduct their esearch. The utilization of a laboratory experiment method allowed the experimenters to standardize conditions for all the subjects and acquire greater control of extraneous variables, which therefore led to a stronger internal validity. Internal validity is the degree to which an observed effect is due to the experimental manipulation rather than other fact ors such as extraneous variables. Some possible confounding variables were avoided and controlled. Firstly, the individual differences were controlled by ensuring subjects were rated for aggression prior to the study. This eliminates a possible extraneous factor – individual differences in aggression. Secondly, the subjects within the control and experimental groups were matched for aggressiveness to ensure equal compositions of the groups. As a result, the data could not be affected by pre-existing levels of aggression; therefore, causal relationships can be made. Furthermore, all the subjects were slightly frustrated before illustrating aggressive behavior. The subjects were allowed to play with the attractive toys for a few minutes until they were told by the experimenter that the toys were for other the other children. Hence, the increase in their emotional stimulation was approximately equal, before they were given an opportunity to be aggressive. Lastly, the experimenter rated the aggressive levels of the participants with a nursery school teacher that was well acquainted with children. This decreased the chances of subjectivity. Although most of the extraneous and confounding variables were taken into consideration, there are some confounding variables that may have skewed the results. Since there is high control in a laboratory experiment, there is the possibility of this leading to a contrived situation, and, a loss of real-life validity. As a result, the issue of demand characteristic may have occurred. A demand characteristic is when participants are aware of the experimenter’s expectation and how they are predicted to behave. Hence, participants would alter their behavior to fit the experimenter’s expectation, which would result in unrepresentative and invalid findings. The children might have been aware of what was expected of them; one of the participants said â€Å"Look Mummy, there’s the doll we have to hit† Noble (1975). Importance of the study to the field: Albert Bandura’s success in his experiment has allowed him to prove and verify the Social Learning theory. The Social Learning theory or observational learning is now widely accepted as a useful theory in the field of psychology; it can be used to shape desired and acceptable behaviors and eliminate unwanted attitudes. Some complex behaviors such as, language, would probably never be learnt and developed unless children were exposed to people who modeled them. Observational learning enables children to garner many responses and behaviors in a large variety of settings where the models are performing their daily activities and routines. Some examples of observational learning would be observing parents read and write, parent’s attitude and response toward a certain scenario, moral behavior, and ethical decisions. Furthermore, Bandura has also developed a therapy called ‘’modeling therapy,† which is derived from observational learning. The modeling therapy highlights the importance of learning through observation of role models, and learning about rewards and punishment that follow behavior. The therapy has been proven and is used to eradicate unwanted behaviors, phobias, and anxiety disorders. Bandura’s Social learning Theory is also applied for educational purposes. Educators have learned that observational learning is an effective teaching tool. Observational learning processes â€Å"greatly influence children’s coping with conflict, frustration, academic stressors, and failure† (Zimmerman Schunk, 2003, p. 442). With knowledge of observational learning, they are able to be conscious and aware of their actions, being discreet and certain that they are portraying a morally correct behavior to their students. Traditional behaviorists believed that all organisms learned in the same way; all behavior is learned through the environment, and this was explained through operant and classical conditioning. In short, the learning perspective was limited to these techniques. The discovery and verification of the Social Learning theory has contributed towards the overall shift of the learning perspective to incorporate cognitive and social processes; it demonstrates that learning was not simply based on a set of stimulus-response associations. Furthermore, the social learning theory reaches into the cognitive perspective’s realm, allowing development for more effective techniques. The theory can be seen as a bridge between the learning perspective and the cognitive perspective, as it incorporates attention and memory.

Coursework Management (Discussion Questions) Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management (Discussion Questions) - Coursework Example The Mexican American Residents in Texas became U.S citizens following the precedent in Hernandez case. They were not initially treated as equals of Anglo citizens. 4. The Anglos, who settled in Texas, held stereotypes about the Mexican-Americans. They called them ‘wetback,' ‘greasers,' and ‘pepper belly.' They viewed them as being illegal with prejudices emanating from racial backgrounds. 5. The segregation of the Mexican Americans differed with that of the African-Americans in the African Americans were recognized by the law while the Mexican Americans were not. African Americans could, therefore, be represented on a jury while Mexican Americans could not. 6. About 750,000 Mexican American men served in the World War II. Their experience in the war changes the Mexican American view of themselves in that they saw themselves as people with a unique identity. As a result, they developed patriotism through which they fought for their rights. 7. The scandal concerning Private Felix Longoria pertains to the discovery of the remains of his body in Philippines where he had been killed on a volunteer mission during the World War II. The director of the funeral home where the remains of Felix was to be buried refused access to the chapel because previous disturbances by the Mexican Americans. That symbolized racial segregation. The controversy was ended through a committee of the members of Texas House of Representatives that investigated the matter.

Demings point Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Demings point - Essay Example Result orientation focuses on the output of the process. Result orientation focuses on the quality and quantity of the output. In the workplace, it includes having a setup list that is used to determine if the goals of the process have been achieved. For example, in factory, the management is supposed to make sure all the departments are taken care of. The departments, which include manufacturing, sales, processing, human resource and the finance department, should be well coordinated so that whole process smooth. A neglect of any one department can lead to the collapse of the whole system or the whole system being inefficient. A firm should have a good relationship with its customers, community and the employees themselves. A good relationship with the community is reached when the firm has a social responsibility programme that benefits the community. The programmes may include funding community projects,organizing trade fairs that educate them and giving the locals a priority during hiring of employees. A good working relationship enhances the firms image; hence boosting its

The Introduction To Argos And Amazon Information Technology Essay

The Introduction To Argos And Amazon Information Technology Essay This report has been prepared regarding the operations of Argos and argos.com and it will look at their operational processes and also with discussed in details the theory of capacity planning, inventory management, supply chain management, performance measurements and total quality management and will look at the chosen organizations with relation to above mention theories. Operational management is the process of effectively managing resources and converting them into final goods and services to offer to the customers, the process of operational include all the management of all the resources which are used in the manufacturing of goods and services to used them effectively for the better result and achievement of goals for the organization. In this assignment the operational management processes of two organizations Argos and Amazon.com will be look into with details and they efficiency regarding the operations will be discuss to see how they manage their operations to provide better goods and services to the customers. Argos is one of the U.K leading retailer and it provide customers different goods, the company was establish in 1973 and now it is part of Home Retail Group, which is UKs leading home and general merchandise retailer. Argos, has nationwide network of over 670 stores coupled with its many ways to shop via catalogue, online and in store allows customers to mix and match from the full range of selection, order, pickup and delivery. The Argos retail experience is also made more convenient with home delivery, the innovative check and reserve and text and take home services, and the in-store Quick Pay kiosks, enabling consumers to make the best use of their free time. According to an HPI tracking study running from January to March 2006, 96% of customers would recommend Argos to a friend. Moreover some research agencies has issued interesting figures about retail sector businesses like Argos, Tesco and Asda. According to new Nielsen Online figures, Argos held its number two ranking above Tesco and below Amazon, with a 32% year-on-year growth in the number of UK visitors to 8.2m (homeretailgroup.com) Argos has supply chain management system which is very effective it provide the services through its catalogue system which allows the user to check the item without visiting the store and finding the best product their looking for and booking it online and collecting it either from the store or by home delivery. Argos also has a very effective distribution channels which enable them to have outlets on different locations so the customers can visit the stores and select the items from either looking at the catalogue or at their online system and making the payment on the system and just collect the items they want to purchase which reduces the time which usually customers have to face in order to buy the item because of this effective management of the Argos supply chain and distribution channels the users can get their items less than the time which they will take in other stores which is one of the reason of Argos success. Amazon.com:- Amazon was first establish as a book selling website in 1995 but diversify itself to selling other items such as DVDs, appliances, video games and other electronic goods it also provide the users and option to download some of its item instead of waiting to received it on mail. Amazon.com work on the basis of e-commerce providing its customers different facilities to use for their shopping and its simply a website for online shopping and provides latest items to different customers according to their needs. The features provide by amazon.com are: Reviews By Customers:- Amazon.com provide the customers to review any item they have bought from the website and rank it on the scale from 1 to 5 stars and also discuss what they think about the product this feature enables the other buyers understand the product help them make their decision regarding the product. The view are check by amazon.com to avoid any false information provided by the users and amazon.com like to post both good and bad reviews about the item for the convenient of their customers and to make them understand about each aspect of the product. Content Search:- This is one of the most useful tool provide by amazon.com for its users, the content search tool allow the customers to search for a specific word or content in a book. This feature has been design for customers who wants to buy books regarding specific information this tool enable them to find out what books have the information required by them and show them a photo of the page from the book and sometime give a free preview of the book to its customers to help them decide whether it is the book or information they were looking for it not. Third Party Sellers:- Amazon.com also helps in selling product from third parties on their website by listing them at amazon.com and directs the customers to other sellers product according to their desired information needed. Amazon.con use a centralized payment system for all its users whether sellers or buyers and control and monitor it. Just like Argos the company Amazon.com also has a very effective supply chain management system which enables them to deliver the products desired by the customers on time, with their content search feature the customers get the chance to select their products. They also have an effective distribution system usually the customers who order from amazon.com get their delivery within 2 to 4 days which make the whole process of shopping very enjoyable for the customers. By using the principle of operational management both the companies Argos and Amazon.com have been proving the customer best service and which is one of the reason of the success of both companies that their users prefer to shop from them and also recommend them to their friends and family, the principle use by Argos and Amazon.com are the basic principle of operational management and if used correctly can result in success for any organization in the long run. Part B Capacity Planning:- Capacity planning is the process of determining the amount of work that an organization can do in any given time it is basically determines the capacity of the organization to meet the demands in the market which is always changing due to change in customer taste or in technology. Capacity planning is the crucial part of any organization operational management which determine the capacity of the firm to meet the demands of customers in the market as it will provide the organization the competitive advantage and better utilization of the resources of the organization. Capacity planning is part of the strategic planning of the organization and it provides them a guide to utilize the resources with full capacity and managing the organization resources effectively and making the organization a success. Inventory Management:- Inventory management system was already used in America and Japan it is the most important part of any organizations operation as organization need to maintain a sufficient level of inventory not only helps in the production processes but also it helps in meeting the demands of the market as the manufacturer needs to have sufficient level of stock to supply to the market. Maintaining sufficient level of stock whether raw material or finished products to supply to the market involve many costs such as maintaining cost, ordering costs and carrying cost handling these costs is also a part of a better inventory management system as it is the responsibility of the operations management to handle this processes they need to be sufficient enough to manage the processes of inventory handling efficiently. There are many inventory management systems available to help the management in this processes some of the famous systems are Economic Order Quantity and Just In Time inventory management which enables the managers to use the inventory effectively in the operations. A example of inventory management systems can be seen in the Sainsburys operations where they focus on the maintaining the inventory in the stores through computerized systems and whenever a item short on inventory the system automatically place the order for the new one and which arrive before the item ran out of stock thats been a major part of Sainsburys success. Supply Chain Management:- Supply chain management consist of managing the supplies of the organization efficiently to maintain the level of organization products and services, it not only consist of managing the suppliers but also consist of monitoring and controlling the activities associate with the production of the products and their effective management the process consist of many activities which are: Procurement. Customer service management. Physical distribution. Product development. With these activities an organization creates chain of values and add values in them for the customers and in the product as well which is why these are one of the important activities in the operational management process. An example can be seen in the case of Toyota where the company understands the importance of these activities and provide the customers with products with added value through not only their manufacturing processes but also through their distribution and customer relationship process also this is one of the reason that the company Toyota has grown over the years and its customers preferred to buy its car because they believe that they get value for money. Performance Measurement:- Performance measurement is the process which enables the organization to set the measurements to determine where they are in terms of goals and their achievement it gives the organization an overview of their current position and where they want to be in the future. It is a great way to control and measure the activities of any given department by measuring the actual performances to the target it gives them an idea about their performances and what improvements they need to make. Many organizations used this model in their employee appraisal as well to reward the employees who have achieved the tasks to motivate them also to identify the employees who are behind the tasks to ask them the reasons behind it and if there any help they need in order to achieve the tasks. The application of performance measurement is used at every level of the organization as it is a used for tool for the organization it helps them where they, How they will improve and such questions are answer through performance measurements therefore it is a useful tool. The example of companies using performances management can be seen in Sainsburys where the company not only measures the performances of its employees but also the performance of its store by sending mystery shoppers to the store and checking the budget performances of the stores and also doing performance appraisal for the employees as well. Total Quality Management:- Total quality management is a programme use by many firms to gain competitive advantages by providing the customers with best quality products and increasing their satisfaction, it is a philosophy of management which emphasis on continuous improvement in the quality of the product. The process of total quality management involves involve everyone working in an organization as it is believe that every one working is the organization is responsible for the continuous improvement of the product and services and it should not be consider the activity of only one department. In application of quality management can be seen in the case of sports direct where every employee working in the organization strives to provide best quality services to their customers not in terms of products but also in customers services which result in many customers preferring sports direct over the other sports shop, once a customer enter into the outlet of sports direct they get the feeling of somewhere really sports related from shelving to staff working there the sports fan get this feeling when they are shopping at sports direct because of their total quality control management and which result in many customers buying their sports related stuff from the company because they trust the name and the quality of sports direct which is because sports direct never disappointed them when they come to shop over there. Part C In this part of the assignment the application discuss above will be relate to the organizations or Argos and Amazon.com to see how these applications helps these companies to achieved their goals and objective and what competitive advantages the company are having due to each module and how they develop the companies strategies over the years. Argos:- The first organization that will be look in detail regarding the above mention theories will be Argos as it is the believe of many that these theories are working fine with Argos and they will be look one by one with operations of Argos. Capacity Planning at Argos:- As it has already been discuss how proper capacity planning helps an organization in its operations and proper planning of resources to achieve the goals set by the management. Being one of the biggest retailer of U.K Argos understand the importance of capacity planning and plan all its operations based on the proper planning of its resources as many customers can get the information about the product they want to buy from Argos website that where they will be available and if not available at one store where else they can find the item and how much quantities left to collect which enables the customers to know about the product and how much time they will have to wait to get their hand on the product. Due to this properly planning of capacity Argos has been having competitive advantage over its competitors and it also helps them in their marketing strategy by distributing their catalogue to the customers for free and providing the idea of items they can collect from the outlets of Argos. Inventory Management:- Inventory management has been one of the strong points of Argos operations as Argos has to hold many items in their inventory to meet the demands of customers they been keen on providing the products by different manufacturers to the customers. One of the unique features which is provided by Argos is that it provide the customers information about the products and their availability by providing them information is the item available for home delivery or if the item out of stock in one store which other store they can collect the item and it also provide them the option to reserved the item on their website if the item left has not much quantity so by reserving the item on the website the customers make sure that the item will not be sell by the time they reach they store and they can collect is because of this method of maintaining inventory the operational capacity of Argos can be seen and understand properly. Supply Chain Management:- Argos has many outlets all over U.K and supply the items to all the stores is not an easy job and Argos realized that but they overcome this problem but having a good chain of distribution channels and also by providing information about the product and its availability and also make sure that the customers will get their desired product on time and without having to wait much for the product, the distribution channel consist of both the supplies for stores and also for home deliveries as well to manage effective system of deliveries. Performance Measurements. The use performance evaluation techniques have been an integral part of any organization and Argos is no difference in fact using performance measurement has been a part of Argos success and it gave them an idea how the company is performing not only with the products but also with the customer satisfaction which make them realised the areas they need to make improvements and the areas where they are working fine can improve even more to provide better services to the customers. Total Quality Management:- Just like other features the total management concept has been also used by Argos under this principle the Argos staff has been trained to make them understand the role they play in the success of Argos and what they can do to improve the services at Argos even more. Argos not only emphasis on improving the quality of the services offer by the staff but also make sure that the products offers by Argos are of great quality and value to the customers as they know that making the customers happy is the most thing to do if a business wants to survive. Amazon.com:- Same like Argos the company Amazon.com also employed the principles discusses in part b of this assignment and will be look one by one. Capacity Planning:- Millions of customers visit amazon.com daily and do their shopping form the website due to which it is very important for the website amazon.com to provide their customers the best items they has to offer and keeping this thing in mind the company use their resources very well in term of proper capacity planning this can be seen by looking at the growing number of people who log in to amazon.com to buy the stuff they need with confidence and amazon.com has been delivering stuff from books to health equipment to all sort of customers and making them happy which is the reason they achieved the competitive advantage. Inventory Management:- Amazon.com has storage facilities all over the world and due to which the company is able to deliver anything anywhere in the world and due to having storage facilities all over the world the delivery cost is less for some countries. They have an effective system of managing the inventories which are far more than any other company as the website provide many options to the customers and their customers are in millions they know how important it is for them to utilized their inventory management to provide the customer the products they need on time and with less delays. Supply Chain Management:- Being provider of many products and having millions of customers supply chain management its one of the biggest issue for amazon.com and the company knows its importance that is why they manage their supplies very carefully to make sure that the products ordered by the customers reach them on time and without any delays due to which the company gain popularity. Amazon.com has also introduced the service for their customers where they can also sell their items on amazon.com website to other customers for some fee chargeable by amazon.com for providing these services but the company make sure that whatever the item is presented for sale by other customers of amazon.com should meet the quality standards of amazon.com and provide their other customers the products which give them value for money because when a customer visits amazon.com they visit with the expectation that they will get good deals from amazon.com than any other supplies of the goods and it provide amazon.com not only the competitive advantage over the competitors but also it helps them market their name all over the world due to the services they offer to their customers. Performance Measurement:- For the purpose performance management amazon.com always ask its customers for feedbacks about the services provided by amazon.com and also it provide them a review system in each item where the buyers of that item post their reviews about the experience they had with the product and does it meet with their requirement so the other customers can see and decide whether they should buy the product or not amazon.com not only publish the good reviews but also the bad reviews of the website and products and try to improve the areas where they have been criticized by the customers to provide them best quality services. Total Quality Management:- The quality of the product and services offer by amazon.com is the main focus point of their business and they take it very seriously through conducting surveys and reviewing the reviews post by the customers to understand their weakness and overcome them. As it been said before the company provide other users to sell their products on their website as well but they make sure that the product presented for sale meets the quality requirement of amazon.com and all the sellers are present with stars based on the feedback they get on their sales by doing this amazon.com make sure that the buyers get the best quality products from the sellers and also to make sure that the quality standards are maintain by amazon.com at all time, they also make sure that the staff at their customer service communicate with the customers positively and help them out in their queries to give a positive image of the company to the customers and by doing this the company has been able to increase its market share over the years. Sources:- Â  Operation Management By Frank Rowbotham, Masoud Azhashemi, Les Galloway Operation Management By C. Donald, J Waters, Donald Waters. Service Management Improving Service by Robert Johnston and Graham Clark Operations management policy, practice and performance improvement by Steve Brown, Kate Blackmon, Paul Cousins www.argos.co.uk www.amazon.com www.thetimes100.co.uk

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Essay -- Comparison Compare C

Treatment of Women in Hamlet and Trifles Of all Shakespeare’s thirty-seven plays, perhaps the best known and loved is Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Many people think that it is unforgettable because of its poetic language and style. But, while these are factors that mark the play as a classic, it remains timeless because it explores many of the issues that are still important to people today. These issues, including loyalty to family and country, protecting loved ones, and deception are still prevalent around the world, and are especially prominent in the United States government. Another play that addresses major issues that are still relevant to society, especially women, is Susan Glaspell’s Trifles. Because Glaspell’s play shows women that they are certainly just as capable as men of completing any task, it encourages women to take a stand against the supposed supremacy of their husbands. It also forces men to consider more seriously the opinions and concerns of women. While Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale in Trifles do this in a quiet manner, they still remain defiant against their husband’s beliefs that they are only competent enough to worry about â€Å"trifles† (Glaspell 1618). Therefore, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark and Trifles explore many issues that are still relevant to society today by questioning, supporting, and criticizing some of them, especially loyalty, gender roles, protecting loved ones, and deception. First, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark seriously questions the extent to which one should be loyal to one’s family. It obviously holds this value as one to consider seriously because it is the issue on which the play is based, Hamlet’s loyalty to his father. Thus, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark asks its readers to... ... April 2004. http://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/columnist/benedetto/2004-04-03-benedetto_x.htm. Cantor, Paul. Shakespeare: Hamlet. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Crocker, Lisa. â€Å"Studies in Liminality: A Review of Critical Commentary on Glaspell’s Trifles.† 30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htm#knot Evans, Elizabeth M. â€Å"Biographical Influences on Glaspell’s Trifles.† 30 July 1996. University of South Florida. 28 March 2004. http://itech.fgcu.edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/glaspell.htm#knot. Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1616 -1626. Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Literature. 5th ed. Ed. Robert Di Yanni. New York. McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002. 1395-1496.

A Brief Analysis of Subprime Crisis

A Brief Analysis of Subprime Crisis Introduction The US subprime mortgage crisis was one of the first indicators of the late-2000s financial crisis, characterized by a rise in subprime mortgage holes and foreclosures, and the resulting decline of securities backing mortgages. Approximately 80% of U. S. mortgages issued to subprime borrowers were adjustable-rate mortgages. After U. S. house sales prices peaked in mid-2006 and began their steep decline forthwith, refinancing became more difficult.As adjustable-rate mortgages began to reset at higher interest rates, mortgage crisis soared. Securities backed with mortgages, including subprime mortgages, widely held by financial firms, lost most of their value. Global investors also drastically reduced purchases of mortgage-backed debt and other securities as part of a decline in the capacity and willingness of the private financial system to support lending. Concerns about the safety of U. S. credit and financial markets led to tightenin g credit around the world and slowing economic growth in the U.S. and Europe. 1. Background—mortgage market The immediate reason or trigger of the crisis was the bursting of the United States housing bubble which peaked in approximately 2005–2006. High default rates on â€Å"subprime† and adjustable-rate mortgages , began to increase quickly thereafter. An increase in loan incentives, such as simple initial conditions and long-term trend of rising housing prices encouraged borrowers to increase the commitment that they will be able to quickly re-financing more favorable conditions for mortgage difficulties.Additionally, the economic incentives provided to the originators of subprime mortgages, along with outright fraud, increased the number of subprime mortgages provided to consumers who would have otherwise qualified for conforming loans. However, once interest rates began to rise and housing prices started to drop moderately in 2006–2007 in many parts o f the U. S. , refinancing became more difficult. Defaults and foreclosure activity increased dramatically as easy initial terms expired, home prices failed to rise as expected, and adjustable-rate mortgage interest rates reset higher.Falling prices also resulted in 23% of U. S. homes worth less than the mortgage loan by September 2010, providing a financial incentive for borrowers to enter foreclosure. The ongoing foreclosure epidemic, which part of subprime loans, that began in late 2006 in the U. S. continues to be a key factor in the global economic crisis, because it drains wealth from consumers and erodes the financial strength of banking institutions. In the years leading up to the crisis, significant amounts of foreign money flowed into the U. S. from fast-growing economies in Asia and oil-producing countries.This inflow of funds combined with low U. S. interest rates from 2002-2004 contributed to easy credit conditions, which fueled both housing and credit bubbles. Loans of various types (e. g. , mortgage, credit card, and auto) were easy to obtain and consumers assumed an unprecedented debt load. As parts of the housing and credit booms, the amount of financial agreements called mortgage-backed securities, which derive their value from mortgage payments and housing prices, greatly increased. This financial innovation so that institutions and investors around the world to invest in the U.S. housing market. With falling house prices, is to use the world’s leading investment mortgage-backed securities severe financial institutions to report significant losses. Defaults and losses on other loan types also increased significantly as the crisis expanded from the housing market to other parts of the economy. Total losses are estimated in the trillions of U. S. dollars globally. While the housing and credit bubbles were growing, a series of factors caused the financial system to become increasingly fragile.Policymakers did not recognize the increasingl y important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial banks in providing credit to the U. S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations. These institutions and some regulated banks was also a significant debt burden, while providing the loans, there are not enough financial cushion absorb large amounts of loan default or mortgage-backed securities losses. These losses impacted the ability of financial institutions to lend, slowing economic activity.Concerns regarding the stability of key financial institutions drove central banks to take action to provide funds to encourage lending and to restore faith in the commercial paper markets, which are integral to funding business operations. Governments also bailed out key financial institutions, assuming significant additional financial commitments. The risks to the broader economy created by the housing market downturn and subsequent financial market crisis were primary factors in several decisions by central banks around the world to cut interest rates and governments to implement economic stimulus packages.Effects on global stock markets due to the crisis have been dramatic. Between 1 January and 11 October 2008, owners of stocks in U. S. corporations had suffered about $8 trillion in losses, as their holdings declined in value from $20 trillion to $12 trillion. Losses in other countries have averaged about 40%. The value of the stock market and housing losses further down the local consumer spending, an important economic engine downward pressure. The larger developed countries and emerging nations in November 2008 and March 2009 met with state leaders to develop strategies to resolve the crisis.A variety of solutions have been proposed by government officials, central bankers, economists, and business executives. 2. Causes The crisis can be attributed to a number of factors pervasive in both housi ng and credit markets, factors which emerged over a number of years. 2. 1 Boom and bust in the housing market The housing bubble in the United States grew alongside the stock of the late1990s. High stock wealth induced families to spend more of their new disposable income and save much less. This â€Å"consumption boom† was largely focused on housing.The increase in damand for housing had multiple effects. First, the value of houing increased, which in turn increased demand of housing and jump-started the bubble. Second, the supply of housing decreased and more housing had to be built to meet the rising demand. The rising housing prices created an expectation that housing values would continue to rise, leading home buyers to pay more for housing than the housing was actually worth. This self-fulfilling cycle continued until the median price of housing outgrew median incomes, peaking in about 2005.When the growth became unsustainable in 2006, the housing bubble â€Å"burstâ⠂¬ . Before the rapid rise, followed by a sharp fall in housing prices, which will greatly exceed the mortgage debt, the translation of the value of the property. 2. 2 High-risk mortgage loans In the years before the crisis, the behavior of lenders changed dramatically. Lenders offered more and more loans to higher-risk borrowers, including undocumented immigrants. Subprime mortgages amounted to $35 billion in 1994, 9% in 1996, $160 billion in 1999, and $600 billion in 2006.A study by the Federal Reserve found that the average difference between subprime and prime mortgage interest rates declined significantly between 2001 and 2007. Decline in risk premiums and credit standards are common to the combination of the credit boom and bust cycles. In addition to considering higher-risk borrowers, lenders have offered increasingly risky loan options and borrowing incentives. In 2005, the median down payment for first-time home buyers was 2%, with 43% of those buyers making no down paymen t whatsoever. By comparison, China has down payment requirements that exceed 20%, with higher amounts for non-primary residences.The mortgage qualification guidelines began to change. At first, the stated income, verified assets loans came out. Proof of income was no longer needed. Borrowers just needed to â€Å"state† it and show that they had money in the bank. Then, the no income, verified assets loans came out. The lender no longer required proof of employment. Borrowers just needed to show proof of money in their bank accounts. The qualification guidelines kept getting looser in order to produce more mortgages and more securities. This led to the creation of NINA. NINA is an abbreviation of No Income No Assets.Basically, NINA loans are official loan products and let you borrow money without having to prove or even state any owned assets. All that was required for a mortgage was a credit score. 2. 3 Mortgage fraud In 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation warned of an â€Å"epidemic† in mortgage fraud, an important credit risk of nonprime mortgage lending, they said, could lead to â€Å"a problem that could have as much impact as the S&L crisis†. The Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission reported in January 2011, that: â€Å"†¦ mortgage fraud†¦ flourished in an environment of collapsing lending standards and lax regulation.The number of suspicious activity reports—reports of possible financial crimes filed by depository banks and their affiliates—related to mortgage fraud grew 20-fold between 1996 and 2005 and then more than doubled again between 2005 and 2009. One study places the losses resulting from fraud on mortgage loans made between 2005 and 2007 at $112 billion. Lenders made loans that they knew borrowers could not afford and that could cause massive losses to investors in mortgage securities. † New York State prosecutors are examining whether eight banks hoodwinked credit ratings agencies, to in flate the grades of subprime-linked investments.The Securities and Exchange Commission, the Justice Department, the United States attorney’s office and more are examining how banks created, rated, sold and traded mortgage securities that turned out to be some of the worst investments ever devised. In 2010, virtually all of the investigations, criminal as well as civil, are in their early stages. 2. 4 Credit default swaps Credit default swaps are financial instruments used as a hedge and protection for debtholders, in particular MBS investors, from the risk of default.As the net worth of banks and other financial institutions deteriorated because of losses related to subprime mortgages, the likelihood increased that those providing the protection would have to pay their counterparties. This caused the system uncertainty, investors did not know which company would be required to pay to cover the mortgage defaults. When investment bank Lehman Brothers went bankrupt in September 2008, there was much uncertainty as to which financial firms would be required to honor the Credit default swaps contracts on its $600 billion of bonds outstanding.Merrill Lynch’s large losses in 2008 were attributed in part to the drop in value of its unhedged portfolio of collateralized debt obligations after AIG ceased offering Credit default swaps on Merrill’s collateralized debt obligations. The loss of confidence of trading partners in Merrill Lynch’s solvency and its ability to refinance its short-term debt led to its acquisition by the Bank of America. 2. 5 Boom and collapse of the shadow banking system The securitization markets supported by the shadow banking system started to close down in the spring of 2007 and nearly shut-down in the fall of 2008.More than a third of the private credit markets can not be uesd as a source of funds. According to the Brookings Institution, the traditional banking system does not have the capital to close this gap as of June 2009: â€Å"It would take a number of years of strong profits to generate sufficient capital to support that additional lending volume. † The authors also indicate that some forms of securitization are â€Å"likely to vanish forever, having been an artifact of excessively loose credit conditions. † 3. Impacts 3. 1 Impact on the USThe credit market is likely to respond with tighter lending standards, fewer warehouse subprime mortgage lines, fewer subprime lenders, and greater self-regulation and reformation, most of which will be driven by the securitization market to the extent that it still exists. There may be an urge to proactively modify loans that would likely result in default. The increased pressure from the government and consumer groups, combined with new subprime lending standards, will decrease lenders’ willingness to lend to nonprime borrowers and investors’ willingness to participate in subprime loan securitization.The result has been a nd will continue to be a â€Å"credit crunch† for subprime borrowers. The result will decrease availability of subprime lending, which in turn, will decrease homeownership among low-income or minority borrowers. When the housing bubble began to deflate in 2006, borrowers saw a sharp reduction in the value of their homes, and found themselves in a position of â€Å"negative equity†, or a mortgage debt that far exceeded the value of the mortgaged home. Because homeownership is the single most important source of wealth, this meant many Americans experienced a dramatic loss in personal wealth.The decline in home prices has cost American homeowners more than 4 trillion dollars in wealth, and as previously noted, has cost African Americans alone between $71 and $122 billion. The decrease in home values not only caused homeowners, but also communities, to lose wealth. As a result of foreclosure, surrounding house values have declined. Neighbors matter when it comes to puttin g a value on homes. Appraisers use comparable sales data to calculate the value of a home, which lenders require for selling and refinancing.Comparable sales in the community to reduce problems of all foreclosure houses, where in a position to sell the owner is not a pleasant option value. In addition, the borrower becomes unable to refinance at lower interest rates, this will cause even more foreclosures. 3. 2 Impact on the Chinese economy The US credit crunch has played out in the Chinese housing market. The house price movements in China, the US and the UK have moved synchronically, with the Chinese market lagging a bit behind the two developed countries.The market condition of China at the start of 2008 was similar to the US market during the first half of 2007, when the house prices began to drop. House prices in China increased sharply and even doubled during 2006-2008 in some fast developed cities. The Chinese National Development and Reform Commission showed that the House P rice Index of 70 Large- and Medium-sized Cities in China rose 6. 5% in 2008, 1. 1% lower than the previous year. Meanwhile, the interest rate adjustment is widely used as a monetary instrument by most central banks to manage their national economies.From January 2001 to 2003, the US Federal Reserve cut the interest rate from 6. 5% to 1% to boost the economy . Cheap credit overheated the US housing market quickly. Consequently, the Federal Reserve raised interest rates to cool the market. This U-turn in interest rate policy was the catalyst for the crash in the housing market that accelerated from 2006 onwards. 4. Regulatory proposals and long-term solutions President Barack Obama and key advisers introduced a series of regulatory proposals in June 2009.The proposals address consumer protection, executive pay, bank financial cushions or capital requirements, expanded regulation of the shadow banking system and derivatives, and enhanced authority for the Federal Reserve to safely wind -down systemically important institutions, among others. The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act was signed into law in July 2010 to address some of the causes of the crisis. 4. 1 State and Local Action Increasingly, state and local governments have taken action responding to the foreclosure crisis through a combination of municipal litigation and anti-predatory lending bills.Baltimore and Cleveland initiated public nuisance suits against prominent lenders last year for targeting their communities through predatory lending. These cases may have an important role in providing meaningful, timely relief for a large number of homeowners who are in default or on the verge of default. In addition, over 25 states have initiated anti-predatory lending legislation triggered by North Carolina’s successful legislation enacted in 1999 and 2000. However, state legislation is limited due to federal anti-predatory lending statutes preempting state action.The Bal timore complaint, in particular, stresses the racialized impact of predatory lending. Two-thirds of the foreclosures associated with Wells Fargo lending were in census tracts with over 60% African American populations, while less than 16% were in tracts with less than 20% African American residents. 4. 2 Federal Legislative Actions Over the last year, Congress has introduced a variety of proposals designed to address the crisis, from increased funding for housing counseling and consumer education to empowering bankruptcy judges to unilaterally change the terms of existing mortgages to bail-out distressed borrowers.Federal and state regulators are following suit with guidance and restrictions on some prime lending. There has been an increase in litigation related to the subprime lending market based on discriminatory predatory lending, an increased call for â€Å"suitability standards† in mortgage lending, and more non-consumer law suits, such as investors suing issuers, lende rs suing brokers, and investors suing lenders. This comprehensive legislation includes the Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act, The Hope for Homeowners Act, and the Foreclosure Prevention Act.The Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act provides regulation for government sponsored entities such as Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and the Federal Home Loan Banks. This regulator will have the authority to establish capital standards, prudential management standards; enforce its order through cease and desist authority, civil money penalties and the authority to remove officers and directors; restrict asset growth and capital distributions for undercapitalized institutions; put a regulated entity into receivership; and review and approve new product offerings of the enterprises.Conclusion This subprime mortgage crisis demonstrated a lesson for the world. Every financial institution and company learned an expensive lessen from it. Every country learned what they should do and w hat they should avoid in the future. Moreover, each individual also learned the norm, the ethics, and the responsibilities that they need to follow and take in business practice. One important thing to remember is to not be too obsessed and greedy about anything.